Turn Old PC into File Server - Easy Guide
Repurposing Old Hardware with FreeNAS
Is an outdated desktop computer gathering dust? Consider giving it new life by installing FreeNAS.
FreeNAS is a cost-free, open-source operating system designed to transform older PCs into functional network-attached storage (NAS) devices.
Benefits of Using FreeNAS
A NAS created with FreeNAS can serve as a centralized repository for files or a backup destination for all computers on your network.
Beyond basic storage, FreeNAS offers support for various plug-ins.
- This allows you to extend its functionality.
- For example, you could operate a BitTorrent client directly from the NAS.
- Alternatively, it can function as a dedicated media server.
Effectively, FreeNAS provides a practical solution for maximizing the utility of existing hardware.
Essential Requirements
Related: Transforming a Raspberry Pi into a Low-Power Network Storage Solution
While utilizing older hardware is the aim, FreeNAS functions optimally with relatively current computer systems. Utilizing a significantly outdated PC is not recommended. As FreeNAS is built upon FreeBSD, compatibility extends to all hardware supported by FreeBSD. However, older PCs typically consume more power compared to low-power alternatives like a Raspberry Pi, potentially increasing operational costs.
FreeNAS is compatible with both 32-bit and 64-bit processors, with a 64-bit processor being the preferred configuration. Official documentation recommends a minimum of 8 GB of RAM for optimal stability when employing the ZFS file system. If RAM capacity is less than 8 GB, the UFS file system should be utilized instead, though a minimum of 2 GB of RAM remains necessary even with UFS.
For enhanced performance, installing FreeNAS onto a USB drive or compact flash card, and leaving it permanently connected, is advised. This allows FreeNAS to operate from the external media, freeing up the computer’s internal drives for data storage.
The FreeNAS software can be downloaded from here. Create a bootable disc from the downloaded image and initiate the computer’s boot sequence from that disc. Alternatively, a USB image is also available for direct application.
Installing FreeNAS
Begin the installation process by booting the FreeNAS installer on the target computer. Proceed through the on-screen wizard to configure the system.
For optimal performance and reliability, it is recommended to install FreeNAS onto a USB flash drive or a compact flash card. Ensure the removable device is connected to your computer before starting.
Initiating the Installation
Upon launching the installation wizard, select the "Install/Upgrade" option. Then, choose the specific drive where you wish to install the FreeNAS operating system.
All connected USB drives will be displayed as available options within this selection list.
The installer will then proceed to write the necessary FreeNAS system files to the designated drive.
Once the file writing process is complete, the installation is finalized. Remove the installation media – whether a CD or USB drive – and restart your computer.
Note: Proper drive selection is crucial for a successful FreeNAS deployment.
Configuring FreeNAS
Upon system boot, the Console setup screen will become visible. While adjustments to settings are possible at this stage, they aren't mandatory. Find the URL displayed at the screen's base and enter it into a web browser on a separate device to gain access to FreeNAS’s web-based graphical user interface.
At this point, disconnecting the monitor from the FreeNAS system is permissible, as it should no longer be required for operation.
A root password will be requested immediately by FreeNAS. This password will be essential for future access to the web interface. Choose a password that is easily recalled.
The web interface is now available for configuration. This interface closely resembles those found on commercially available, dedicated NAS devices.
Establishing a Fundamental NAS Configuration
Initial storage configuration is typically the first step. Navigate to the Storage icon located on the toolbar to access the storage management panel. Utilize either the ZFS Volume Manager for creating a ZFS partition or the UFS Volume Manager for a UFS partition.
Consider your system’s RAM when selecting a file system. A minimum of 8 GB of RAM is recommended for ZFS, while UFS requires at least 2 GB. Opt for UFS if your older PC has limited memory resources.
Next, proceed to the Sharing pane to enable network accessibility for your newly created storage volume. Various operating systems utilize different protocols, and FreeNAS provides options for setting up shares compatible with Windows (CIFS), Unix/Linux (NFS), and Apple (AFP) systems.
Protocol Compatibility
Many operating systems offer support for multiple protocols. For instance, both Linux and macOS can access Windows CIFS shares.
Regardless of the chosen protocol, the shared folder will function like any other network folder. It should appear automatically in locations such as Windows Explorer or File Explorer when a CIFS share is established.
Expanded Capabilities
FreeNAS offers a comprehensive suite of features, many of which extend beyond the scope of this discussion. Utilizing the built-in administrative tools, customized access permissions can be established for individual folders, or broader access can be granted to all users.
Furthermore, services like FTP, Rsync, SSH, and dynamic DNS can be configured directly within the system.
The Plugins section is especially noteworthy, providing access to a diverse collection of third-party software packages.
From this interface, applications such as the Transmission BitTorrent client and Plex Media Server can be installed, effectively transforming your repurposed computer into both a BitTorrent downloading station and a centralized network media hub, alongside its primary function as a NAS.
For a more detailed understanding of the full range of possibilities, consult the official FreeNAS documentation.
Repurposing an older PC with FreeNAS represents a highly effective solution. Should the hardware prove insufficient for optimal FreeNAS performance, consider revitalizing it as a standard desktop computer by installing a streamlined Linux distribution.
Image credit is given to Rob DiCaterino on Flickr.